Method of reducing and treating UVB-induced immunosuppression

ABSTRACT

Methods of preventing and/or treating UV-induced immunosuppression by administration of immune response modifier compounds are disclosed herein. Suitable immune response modifier compounds include agonists of one or more TLRs.

RELATED APPLICATION DATA

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/371,146, filed Feb. 20, 2003, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/358,982, filed Feb. 22, 2002.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Human skin is an organ that protects the body from the influences of the external environment. A portion of that protective function is provided by an immune system specific to the skin—the so-called skin immune system—that protects the body from potentially harmful environmental influences including pathogens and transformed skin cells. The skin immune system may provide a localized response known as contact hypersensitivity (CHS), a systemic response known as delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), or both.

Exposing skin to ultraviolet radiation of the sun, particularly UV-B radiation, may damage certain types of cells involved in the skin immune system. Such damage may at least partially suppress function of the skin immune system and, therefore, may result in UV-induced immunosuppression.

Langerhans cells are dendritic-like elements of the skin immune system that may function to present antigens to Th1-lymphocytes. Langerhans cells may be particularly affected by exposure to UV radiation. Exposure to UV radiation can cause changes in Langerhans cells that may contribute to UV-induced immunosuppression. For example, exposure to UV radiation may impair the ability of Langerhans cells to present antigens.

Cytokines are known to be involved in the development of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and the suppression of contact hypersensitivity by UV radiation. For example, interleukin (IL)-10 is a cytokine produced by keratinocytes after the keratinocytes are exposed to UV radiation. IL-10 impairs Langerhans cell function and suppresses CHS. Also, IL-12 promotes a Th1-lymphocyte immune response and is involved in the induction of CHS. IL-12 can reduce the immunosuppressive effects of UV radiation. Furthermore, administration of IL-12 prior to UV treatment may counteract UV-induced systemic suppression of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH).

Ectoin and ectoin derivatives may be used for the prophylaxis or treatment of UV-induced immunosuppression. Such compounds may be incorporated into compositions for topical administration.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of reducing UV-induced immunosuppression that includes administering to a treatment area an immune response modifier compound in an amount effective to inhibit UV-induced immunosuppression.

In certain embodiments, the immune response modifier compound can be an agonist of at least one Toll-like receptor (TLR). For example, in some embodiments, the immune response modifier compound can include an imidazoquinoline amine, an imidazopyridine amine, a 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amine, a 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amine, an imidazonaphthyridine amine, an oxazoloquinoline amine, an imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amine, a thiazoloquinoline amine, an oxazolopyridine amine, a thiazolopyridine amine, an oxazolonaphthyridine amine, or a thiazolonaphthyridine amine. In certain embodiments, the immune response modifier compound is administered via a topical application vehicle such as a cream, a gel, a spray, an ointment, a lotion, a solution, a suspension, an emulsion, a paste, a powder, or an oil.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating UV-induced immunosuppression that includes administering to a treatment area an immune response modifier compound in an amount effective to inhibit UV-induced immunosuppression. In certain embodiments, the immune response modifier compound can be an agonist of at least one Toll-like receptor (TLR). For example, in some embodiments, the immune response modifier compound can include an imidazoquinoline amine, an imidazopyridine amine, a 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amine, a 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amine, an imidazonaphthyridine amine, an imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amine, an oxazoloquinoline amine, a thiazoloquinoline amine, an oxazolopyridine amine, a thiazolopyridine amine, an oxazolonaphthyridine amine, or a thiazolonaphthyridine amine.

In certain embodiments, the immune response modifier compound is administered via a topical application vehicle such as a cream, a gel, a spray, an ointment, a lotion, a solution, a suspension, an emulsion, a paste, a powder, or an oil.

Various other features and advantages of the present invention should become readily apparent with reference to the following detailed description, examples, claims and appended drawings. In several places throughout the specification, guidance is provided through lists of examples. In each instance, the recited list serves only as a representative group and should not be interpreted as an exclusive list.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a summary of the protocol for testing the contact hypersensitivity of mice treated with IRM before exposure to UV-B radiation;

FIG. 2 is a bar graph summarizing the contact hypersensitivity of mice treated with IRM before exposure to UV-B radiation;

FIG. 3 is a summary of the protocol for testing the contact hypersensitivity of mice treated with IRM after exposure to UV-B radiation;

FIG. 4 is a bar graph summarizing the contact hypersensitivity of mice treated with IRM after exposure to UV-B radiation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Immune response modifiers (“IRMs”) include compounds that possess potent immunostimulating activity including but not limited to antiviral and antitumor activity. Certain IRMs effect their immunostimulatory activity by inducing the production and secretion of cytokines such as, e.g., Type I interferons, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, MIP-1, and MCP-1. Certain IRMs are small organic molecules such as those disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,689,338; 4,929,624; 5,266,575; 5,268,376; 5,352,784; 5,389,640; 5,482,936; 5,494,916; 6,110,929; 6,194,425; 4,988,815; 5,175,296; 5,367,076; 5,395,937; 5,693,811; 5,741,908; 5,238,944; 5,939,090; 6,039,969; 6,083,505; 6,245,776; 6,331,539; and 6,376,669; and PCT Publications WO 00/76505; WO 00/76518; WO 02/46188, WO 02/46189; WO 02/46190; WO 02/46191; WO 02/46192; WO 02/46193; and WO 02/46194.

Additional small molecule IRMs include purine derivatives (such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,376,501 and 6,028,076), small heterocyclic compounds (such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,329,381), and amide derivatives (such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,069,149).

Other IRMs include large biological molecules such as oligonucleotide sequences. Some IRM oligonucleotide sequences contain cytosine-guanine dinucleotides (CpG) and are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,1994,388; 6,207,646; 6,239,116; 6,339,068; and 6,406,705. Some CpG-containing oligonucleotides can include synthetic immunomodulatory structural motifs such as those described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,426,334 and 6,476,000. Other IRM nucleotide sequences lack CpG and are described, for example, in International Patent Publication No. WO 00/75304.

Certain IRMs can function as Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, i.e., their immunomodulating influence is exerted through a TLR-mediated cellular pathway. For example, some small molecule IRMs have been identified as agonists of one or more of TLRs 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8; and CpG has been identified as an agonist of TLR9. In many cases, activating a TLR-mediated pathway results in gene transcription (e.g., cytokine or co-stimulatory marker expression) by activating NF-κB regardless of the particular TLR that is activated.

Certain IRM compounds may be useful for the treatment of Th2-mediated diseases because they inhibit the Th2 immune response, suppress IL-4/IL-5 cytokine induction and eosinophilia, and enhance Th1 immune response. IRM compounds that act as an agonist of at least one TLR have been shown to be particularly useful in this regard. Some IRM compounds have been found to have pharmacological effects on Langerhans cells as well. Human Langerhans cells are known to be derived from myeloid dendritic cells that express TLR8.

Therefore, the present invention provides for methods of reducing (including preventing) and/or treating UV-induced immunosuppression by administering one or more IRM compounds. In certain embodiments of the present invention, UV-induced immunosuppression may be reduced by prophylactic administration of an IRM compound to a portion of the skin (e.g., topical application) before the skin is exposed to UV radiation. In an alternative embodiment, UV-induced immunosuppression may be therapeutically treated by administration of an IRM compound to a portion of the skin (e.g., topical application) that has already been exposed to UV radiation. In yet other alternative embodiments, prophylactically reducing or therapeutically treating UV-induced immunosuppression may be accomplished by administering one or more IRM compounds systemically.

In certain embodiments, the IRM compound includes an agonist of at least one TLR. In particular embodiments, the IRM compound can be an agonist of TLR7, TLR8, or TLR9. For example, the IRM compound can be an imidazopyridine amine, a 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amine, a 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amine, an imidazonaphthyridine amine, an imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amine, an oxazoloquinoline amine, a thiazoloquinoline amine, an oxazolopyridine amine, a thiazolopyridine amine, an oxazolonaphthyridine amine, a thiazolonaphthyridine amine, or an imidazoquinoline amines including but not limited to 4-amino-2-ethoxymethyl-α,α-dimethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-ethanol, 1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine, a 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amine, a sulfonamido-substituted imidazoquinoline amine; a urea-substituted imidazoquinoline amine; or a heteroaryl ether-substituted imidazoquinoline amine. The IRM may induce the production of one or more cytokines including but not limited to Type I interferons.

The IRM compound may be incorporated into a composition for topical administration. Suitable types of compositions include, but are not limited to, ointments, gels, foams, creams, lotions, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, pastes, powders, soaps, surfactant-containing cleaning preparations, solid sticks (e.g., wax- or petroleum-based sticks), oils and sprays. In particular exemplary embodiments, the IRM compound may be incorporated into, for example, a sunscreen, a skin lotion, a skin moisturizer, or cosmetic.

Alternatively, the IRM compound may be incorporated into any vehicle suitable for systemic delivery. Typical systemic delivery routes include but are not limited to injection (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intradermal), inhalation, ingestion, transdermal, or transmucosal delivery.

The particular amount of IRM compound necessary to (1) prophylactically reduce or prevent, or (2) therapeutically treat UV-induced immunosuppression in a subject may depend, at least in part, on one or more factors. Such factors include but are not limited to the particular IRM compound being administered, the state of the subject's immune system (e.g., suppressed, compromised, stimulated); the subject's past and expected UV exposure; the route of administering the IRM; and the desired result (i.e., prophylactic reduction or prevention, or therapeutic treatment). Accordingly it is not practical to set forth generally the amount that constitutes an effective amount of IRM compound. Those of ordinary skill in the art, however, can readily determine the appropriate amount with due consideration of such factors.

EXAMPLES

The following examples have been selected merely to further illustrate features, advantages, and other details of the invention. It is to be expressly understood, however, that while the examples serve this purpose, the particular materials and amounts used as well as other conditions and details are not to be construed in a matter that would unduly limit the scope of this invention. Unless otherwise indicated, all percentages and ratios are by weight.

Example 1 Contact Hypersensitivity in Mice Treated with IRM Before Exposure to UV-B Radiation

FIG. 1 summarizes the protocol used for testing the contact hypersensitivity of mice treated with immune response modifier compound 1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine (IRM) before exposure to UV-B radiation.

A topical cream including either a) 5% IRM (treated), or b) no IRM (vehicle-treated) was applied to a shaved portion of the abdomen of UVB-susceptible C57BL6 mice. The cream was applied for two consecutive days beginning five days before sensitization (Day −5 and Day −4).

The mice were exposed to either a) UV-B radiation, 70 mJ/cm from FS-20 light bulbs (National Biological Corp., Twinsburg, Ohio) equipped with a cellulose acetate filter to provide predominantly UV-B output, or b) sham radiation for four consecutive days beginning at three days prior to sensitization (Day −3 through Day 0).

The mice were sensitized for two consecutive days beginning at Day 0 (Day 0 and Day 1) with 25 μL of 0.5% dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) applied to the shaved portion of the abdomen.

On Day 5 after sensitization, the mice were challenged with DNFB on the pinna of the ear.

On Day 6 after sensitization, the extent to which the thickness of the ear pinna changed was measured in both the treated and untreated mice.

Three experiments were performed according to the protocol summarized in FIG. 1. The results of each of the three experiments and the average of all three experiments are provided in FIG. 2.

Example 2 Contact Hypersensitivity in Mice Treated with IRM After Exposure to UV-B Radiation

FIG. 3 summarizes the protocol used for testing the contact hypersensitivity of mice treated with immune response modifier compound 1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine (IRM) after exposure to UV-B radiation.

The mice were exposed to either a) UV-B radiation, 70 mJ/cm from FS-20 light bulbs (National Biological Corp., Twinsburg, Ohio) equipped with a cellulose acetate filter to provide predominantly UV-B output, or b) sham radiation for four consecutive days beginning at four days prior to sensitization (Day −4 through Day −1).

A topical cream including either a) 5% IRM (treated), or b) no IRM (vehicle-treated) was applied to a shaved portion of the abdomen of UVB-susceptible C57BL6 mice. The cream was applied for two consecutive days beginning one day before sensitization (Day −1 and Day 0).

The mice were sensitized for two consecutive days beginning at Day 0 (Day 0 and Day 1) with 25 μL of 0.5 % dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) applied to the shaved portion of the abdomen.

On Day 5 after sensitization, the mice were challenged with DNFB on the pinna of the ear.

On Day 6 after sensitization, the extent to which the thickness of the ear pinna changed was measured in both the treated and untreated mice.

Two experiments were performed according to the protocol summarized in FIG. 3. The results of those two experiments are shown in FIG. 4.

The complete disclosures of the patents, patent documents and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each were individually incorporated. In case of conflict, the present specification shall control.

Various modifications and alterations to this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. It should be understood that this invention is not intended to be unduly limited by the illustrative embodiments and examples set forth herein and that such examples and embodiments are presented by way of example only with the scope of the invention intended to be limited only by the claims set forth herein as follows. 

1. A method of restoring at least a portion of diminished contact hypersensitivity, the method comprising administering to a subject at risk for diminished contact hypersensitivity an immune response modifier compound in an amount effective to restore at least a portion of the diminished contact hypersensitivity, wherein the immune response modifier compound is selected from the group consisting of: an imidazoquinoline amine, an imidazopyridine amine, a 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amine, a 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amine, an imidazonaphthyridine amine, an imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amine, an oxazoloquinoline amine, a thiazoloquinoline amine, an oxazolopyridine amine, a thiazolopyridine amine, an oxazolonaphthyridine amine, a thiazolonaphthyridine amine, and a CpG oligonucleotide.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein administration of the immune response modifier compound occurs prior to exposure of the subject to a dose of UV irradiation sufficient to diminish contact hypersensitivity.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the immune response modifier compound is an agonist of at least one Toll-like receptor (TLR).
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the immune response modifier compound is an agonist of TLR7, TLR8, or TLR9.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the immune response modifier compound is selected from the group consisting of: an imidazoquinoline amine, an imidazopyridine amine, a 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amine, a 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amine, an imidazonaphthyridine amine, an imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amine, an oxazoloquinoline amine, a thiazoloquinoline amine, an oxazolopyridine amine, a thiazolopyridine amine, an oxazolonaphthyridine amine, and a thiazolonaphthyridine amine.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the immune response modifier compound is administered via a topical application vehicle.
 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the topical application vehicle comprises a cream, a gel, a spray, an ointment, a lotion, a solution, a suspension, an emulsion, a paste, a powder, or an oil.
 8. The method of claim 6 wherein the immune response modifier compound is administered via a sunscreen, a skin lotion, a skin moisturizer, a cosmetic, a soap, a spray, a foam, a gel, or a surfactant-containing cleaning preparation. 